Cikkek, Articles
Abstract
The Aerial Archaeological Archive of the Institute for Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest has been created in 1993. It’s activity is characterised by four important programs:
- 13 years of aerial archaeological research (until 2000 in the cadre of the Hungarian-French archaeological cooperation).
- Exploration and mapping of aerial archaeological sites, which has been done parallel to the other activities.
- Processing of the data obtained from the 768 aerial archaeological sites discovered until 2006. The processing of the
systematised archive has begun in two directions: we make the interpretations for the important sites and we prepare
the geographical transformations of the aerial photos (if possible) and – principally in the case of settlements - we
conduct intensive field surveys to control them.
- Cataloguing of earthwork fortifications, tell settlements and tumuli, which has been greatly supported by
photographical surveys. This surveys can reveal new sites as well as new information about already known sites.
The research activity of 13 years makes it possible to draw some general conclusions concerning the best choice of geographical areas (Northern and Eastern Transdanubia) and periods (the 2nd and 3rd weeks of June) for the most fruitful research.
KULCSSZAVAK: LÉGI RÉGÉSZET, TÉRKÉPEZÉS, ÉRTELMEZÉS, TEREPJÁRÁS
KEYWORDS: AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY, MAPPING, INTERPRETATION, FIELD SURVEY
Abstract
This paper summarizes the main features of the non-destructive Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods for museologists. It gives an overview about their application in the field of art and archaeological objects. The author describes the main facilities and instruments installed at the Ion Beam Applications (IBA) laboratory of ATOMKI in detail. The characteristics of analytical methods used in the laboratory are described and compared, as well. The capability of the IBA methods is demonstrated by some examples.
Kivonat
Cikkünk muzeológusok számára foglalja össze a roncsolásmentes ionnyaláb és röntgenanalitikai módszerek (Ion Beam Analysis: IBA, X-ray Fluorescence: XRF) legfontosabb jellemzőit. Műtárgyak és régészeti leletek vonatkozásában áttekintést ad az alkalmazási lehetőségekről. A szerző részletesen ismerteti az ATOMKI Ionnyaláb Alkalmazások (Ion Beam Applications: IBA) laboratóriumában üzemelő berendezéseket és műszereket. Ismerteti és összehasonlítja a laboratóriumban alkalmazott különböző analitikai módszerek jellemzőit is. Néhány példán keresztül szemlélteti az IBA módszerek teljesítőképességét.
KULCSSZAVAK: KULTURÁLIS ÖRÖKSÉG, RÉGÉSZETI LELETEK ÉS MŰVÉSZETI ALKOTÁSOK, RONCSOLÁSMENTES
ANALITIKAI TECHNIKÁK, PÁSZTÁZÓ NUKLEÁRIS MIKROSZONDA, IBA, XRF
KEYWORDS: CULTURAL HERITAGE, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS, NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
SCANNING NUCLEAR MICROPROBE, IBA, XRF
Abstract
The main point of the complex cultural changes during the transition from Middle to Late Bronze Age was the appearance of Tumulus culture in the Danube-Tisza region. In this culture people buried the dead beneath burial mounds made from stone and soil. According to our present knowledge we believe that the ethnically inhomogeneous Tumulus culture was made homogenous by commerce (especially bronze commerce).
The custom of hiding depots was typical of the final period of Middle Bronze Age called Koszider-phase. During the Tumulus period the practice of hiding depots came to its end, bronze objects were put into graves. It would be important to analyze the relation between the Koszider and Tumulus metallurgy. Were these commercial roots and exchange of goods discontinued during the time of cultural changes?
We chose chiefly the microPIXE and SEM-EDX method for elemental analysis. Examined 6 Tumulus bronze objects came to light from two Bronze Age cemeteries of the Southern Great Plain. Created elemental distribution maps and determined average compositions.
Our project is a long-term investigation including elemental analysis, mineralogical, archaeological and metallurgical researches.
Kivonat
A középső bronzkor végi, késő bronzkori kultúraváltozások legjelentősebb állomása a halomsíros kultúra megjelenése volt hazánk területén. A kultúra nevét jellegzetes temetkezési szokásáról kapta: a halottak sírja fölé kőből, földből halmot emeltek. Mai tudásunk alapján a halomsíros kultúrát soketnikumú, a kereskedelem homogenizáló hatására kialakult egységként képzeljük el. A középső bronzkor záró szakaszára, a koszideri időszakra jellemzőek a fémtárgyakat tartalmazó, földbe rejtett kincsleletek. A halomsíros kultúra idejében ez a szokás megszűnik, a fémtárgyak viseleti elemként, mellékletként a sírokba kerülnek. Lényeges kérdés, hogy milyen összefüggés van a koszideri és halomsíros fémművesség között, az addigi kereskedelmi utak, cserekapcsolatok is szétzilálódtak-e a változások idején.
Analitikai vizsgálataink fő módszeréül a microPIXE és SEM-EDX elemzést választottuk. 6 db, a Dél-Alföld halomsíros temetőiből előkerült fémtárgyat vizsgáltunk meg, előállítottuk elemtérképeiket, és átlagos összetételüket is megállapítottuk.
Programunk hosszabb távú, mely a fémek analízise mellett régészeti, ásványtani és metallurgiai kutatásokat is magába foglal.
KULCSSZAVAK: HALOMSÍROS KULTÚRA, FÉMTÁRGYAK ANALÍZISE, XRF, MICROPIXE, SEM-EDX, ELEMELOSZLÁS,
ÁSVÁNYTANI HÁTTÉR, ARCHEOMETALLURGIA
KEYWORDS: TUMULUS CULTURE, ANALYSIS OF BRONZE OBJECTS, XRF, MICROPIXE, SEM-EDX, DISTRIBUTION OF
ELEMENTS, MINERALOGICAL BACKGROUND, ARCHAEOMETALLURGY
Kivonat
Az itt bemutatott vizsgálatok és eredmények egy DAAD-MÖB kutatóprogram keretében valósultak meg, amely kis mintaszámmal ugyan, de Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza és Füzesabony-Gubakút (ÉK-Magyarország) neolit lelőhelyek agyagárujának (kerámiák és padló, illetve patics) anyagvizsgálatára is kitért. Emellett a lelőhelyek közvetlen környezetében a felszín közelében található talajszelvények agyagos képződményeiből is gyűjtöttünk mintákat. A vizsgálatokat a fazekasáru gyártására leginkább megfelelő nyersanyagon végeztük. A kerámiákat és az üledékeket azonos (mikroszkópos petrográfiai és műszeres kémiai) módszerekkel vizsgáltunk, így az eredmények összehasonlíthatóvá váltak.
Kutatásunk egyrészről a két eltérő (Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza a Körös-, míg Füzesabony-Gubakút az Alföldi Vonaldíszes Kerámia) kultúrából származó lelőhely kerámia (és egyéb agyag anyagú) leletanyagának összehasonlítására irányult. Kiderült, hogy a kultúrabeli különbségek ellenére a kétféle fazekasáru nagy technológiai hasonlóságot mutat egymással, illetve a Körös kultúra agyagárujával. Vizsgálataink másik célja az alkalmazott nyersanyagok lehetséges azonosítása, illetve a technológiai paraméterek leírása volt. Kimutattuk, hogy a kora neolit fazekasok nagy valószínűséggel helyi folyóvízi üledékeket használtak az edények nyersanyagául különösebb előkészítés (tisztítás) nélkül, amelyeket a lelőhely környezetében a topográfiai mélyedésekből gyűjthettek. Az agyagos anyagba kisebbnagyobb méretű növényi soványító anyagot kevertek. Az edényeket szabadon formázták, majd viszonylag alacsony hőfokon (700—750 ºC-on) égették ki nem szabályozott atmoszférában. A Tiszaszőlős-Domaházáról előkerült padlótöredék a többi lelethez képest karbonátosabb alapanyagból készült.
Eredményeink egyrészről alapját képezik a két lelőhely neolit agyagműves hagyományainak régészeti szempontú tovább értelmezésének, másrészről tovább bővítik a korszakból származó, egyelőre még szórványosnak mondható archeometriai kerámia alapadatokat.
Abstract
The investigations and results presented here were carried out in the framework of a DAAD-MÖB bilateral project. As a part of the complex aim of this project, a limited sample collection (containing ceramics, floor and daub) from two Neolithic archaeological sites, Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza and Füzesabony-Gubakút, was investigated. In addition to this archaeological sample group, geological samples (near surface clayey soils/sediments) were collected from the vicinity of the sites to find the most likely sources of raw materials for pottery making. Both ceramic and sediment samples were subjected to the same methodological research (microscopic petrographic and instrumental chemical investigations). In this way comparable data could be gained.
One aim of our research was to make a comparison between the ceramic (and other clay derivative) finds of the two Neolithic sites (Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza is connected to the Körös, while Füzesabony-Gubakút to the Alföld Linear Pottery Culture). It became clear that – despite the different cultures – the two pottery assemblages show significant technological similarities to each other and to ceramic material from the Körös Culture. The other aim of our research was to identify the most probable sources of raw materials for pottery making and to characterise the pottery manufacturing process. The results show that Early Neolithic potters probably made their pots directly (without any washing or cleaning) from the local alluvial clayey sediment which they could collect from topographic depressions of the landscape in the vicinity of the sites. They added variable sized plant remnants to this paste as a temper. Then the hand fashioned vessels were fired at a relatively low (700—750°C) temperature in an atmospherically non-controlled firing place. A floor remnant from Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza was made of a more carbonatic raw material than the pots.
On the one hand, our results can help to define the pottery traditions of these two Neolithic sites from an archaeological point of view. On the other hand, they can extend the presently sporadic raw data on archaeometrical ceramic investigations of this archaeological era.
KULCSSZAVAK: NEOLIT, KERÁMIA (PADLÓ, PATICS), TALAJ/ÜLEDÉK, PETROGRÁFIA, TELJES KÉMIA
KEYWORDS: NEOLITHIC, POTTERY (FLOOR, DAUB), SOIL/SEDIMENT, PETROGRAPHY, BULK CHEMISTRY
Abstract
The conservation and preservation of cultural heritage is an interdisciplinary field requiring close co-operation between conservator-restorers, archaeologists, art historians, museum curators and conservation scientists. Surveys carried out in the 1990s showed that the university training of scientists doesn’t provide them with the appropriate knowledge for the complex approach necessary for study and investigate cultural heritage, develop and evaluate conservation concepts, materials, methods, etc.
In order to develop the first generation of 'true' conservation scientists in Europe, the European Community funded two projects (Leonardo programme, CURRIC project, Vocational Training Curricula for Conservation Scientists 2000- 2003; and Marie Curie programme, project EPISCON - European Ph.D. in Science for Conservation 2006-2009). Preparing a training structure and guideline the CURRIC project provided a solid base for the EPISCON. In the frame of the program 16 young scientists has got the possibility to take part in the PhD training in ten EPISCON partners’ host institutions within the European Community. The program included intensive five months training at the University of Bologna-Ravenna Campus in all aspects of the conservation of cultural heritage, followed by a two and a half year research project at one of the host institutions. The Hungarian scientist in charge of the project is the author, Márta Kissné Bendefy.
Two young fellows are hosted by Hungarian Institutions. Anna Ruggeri (Italy) works at the Archaeological Department of the Hungarian National Museum (supervisor: Katalin T. Biró) while Magdalini Theodoridou (Greece) carries out her studies and research at the Dept. of Petrology and Geochemistry ELTE University (supervisor Dr. György Szakmány). Preliminary results of their work are published in this volume. Further information can be obtained from the project web pages, see end of paper.
KULCSSZAVAK: EPISCON, KULTURÁLIS ÖRÖKSÉGVÉDELMI SZAKMÉRNÖK KÉPZÉS
KEYWORDS: EPISCON, CONSERVATION SCIENCE, TRAINING, MARIE CURIE ACTIONS
Abstract
The Nagyharsány Roman villa is one of the finest that came to light in Hungarian territory. The first archaeological surveys and excavations were started in 1959 by László Papp and continued later by Ferenc Fülep in the 1960’s and 1980’s. A new research project was started in 2006, including petrographic studies of materials, with a purpose of preservation in situ. Aerial photographs helped to provide an estimation of the real dimensions and disposition of different annexed units.
The villa was built during the 2nd/3rd century AD on the place of a former Roman settlement and it has been continuously occupied till the 5th century. Rich decorative elements like mural paintings and mosaics have been found and are included in the petrographic investigation. Restoring interventions on wall’s remains have been executed during 1980’s using local building stone and modern mortar.
The aims of the present project is to try to identify the origin of the used materials and provide conservation’s guidelines, starting from a detailed petrographic description of materials. Three different fieldworks and samplings have been performed from the villa during last months, collecting a total of 50. 10 samples have been taken from rich decorative elements found in the villa during excavations; these include 4 samples from mural paintings and 6 from mosaic tesserae.
Petrographic and mineralogical investigations have been already conducted on some of those samples, also supported by X ray diffraction analysis. Further samplings, relative petrographic studies and possible comparisons with Italian Roman sites will enrich the study, in order to better understand materials used by Romans in Pannonia and their decay.
KULCSSZAVAK: ÉPÍTŐKŐ, RÓMAI HABARCS, MOZAIK SZEMEK, FESTÉKRÉTEG
KEYWORDS: BUILDING STONE, ROMAN MORTAR, MOSAIC TESSAREA, PAINTING LAYER
Abstract
The Székesfehérvár Ruin Garden is a unique assemblage of cultural heritage in Hungary. It is comprised of a provostal church, dedicated to Virgin Mary, royal tombs and related ecclesial and lay buildings. Its construction begun approximately in 1018 by King Stephen I, the first King of the Hungary’s Christian kingdom and it used to serve as a burial and coronation church for Hungarian Kings. Between the 11th-15th centuries it was reconstructed several times. The Turkish occupation (1543-1688) was the beginning of the destruction of the church assemblage, which went on by using it as a storage facility and even as a quarry until its final demolition by the current bishop and the municipality during the 18th -19th centuries. First excavations were carried out in the 19th century. The National Office for the Protection of Historic Monuments started the geological investigation of the territory in 1995. The present research takes part in a new microregional research plan of the Hungarian National Museum in frames of science for conservation.
Four fieldworks contributed to a deeper comprehension of the ruins. The existing drawings of the site are modified and enhanced in order to help the presentation and documentation of the research. The proposed research topic is based on the identification, characterisation and weathering of building stone used in the different phases of the construction. The next step of the research was the sampling process. After a macroscopic investigation, the samples were specifically treated according to their individual characteristics in order to proceed to the procedure of thin-section making. General petrographic characteristics were achieved by microscopic investigation, carried out with polarising microscope.
The main identified rock types are: I) calcareous sandstone and sandy limestone, II) fossiliferous limestone, III) red fossiliferous micritic limestone, IV) marble, V) rhyolite and VI) red sandstone.
In the future, further investigations will lead to the creation of a map depicting the identified lithotypes, a geographical map highlighting their possible origins and a map of decay. The research will be completed by the selection of few rock types. The main criteria for this selection will be the distribution of the material in the construction and the common decay phenomena. Preceding researches that are relevant to the topic will be also taken into account. Further analysis will be carried out as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), as well as physical and mechanical measurements and tests. The main characteristics will be discussed and correlated to the decay forms, in order to achieve a general strategic approach based on a diagnosis that could represent a tool for the conservation of the monument.
KULCSSZAVAK: KÖZÉPKORI ÉPÍTŐKŐ, MŰEMLÉKI ANYAGVIZSGÁLAT, SZÉKESFEHÉRVÁR
KEYWORDS: MEDIEVAL BUILDING STONES, SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION, SZÉKESFEHÉRVÁR
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